Opportunistic credit in an evolving market: how structural dislocations and market inefficiencies can create attractive entry points for active managers

Complexity is driving demand for flexible capital

At a high level, opportunistic credit is most effective in environments where complexity limits access to traditional financing. Today, that complexity is driven by a convergence of pressures on businesses, particularly in the middle market.

While opportunistic credit strategies aren't dependent on periods of dislocation, the current backdrop – marked by higher interest rates, persistent cost pressures, elevated macroeconomic uncertainty, and more selective capital markets – has increased the frequency and scale of situations requiring flexible, solutions-oriented capital.

Many companies are navigating a mix of challenges, including elevated debt service costs, margin pressure, trade-related disruptions, and earnings volatility. As a result, a growing number of businesses are operating with capital structures misaligned with their current performance.

In these situations, traditional lenders and equity providers are often less willing – or less able – to provide incremental capital, leaving a gap that requires more tailored financing solutions.

Against this backdrop, several structural dynamics are shaping the opportunity set for opportunistic credit:

Capital structure strain

A meaningful segment of the middle market is underperforming relative to its initial underwriting expectations, resulting in higher leverage and reduced financial flexibility. Though not necessarily distressed, these companies often need proactive balance sheet solutions to stabilize operations, fund growth initiatives, and reposition capital structures in anticipation of longer-than-expected hold periods.

One indicator of rising stress is the growing use of payment-in-kind (PIK) features. PIK allows borrowers to preserve near-term liquidity by paying interest with additional debt – accruing it to the loan principal – rather than in cash, with repayment deferred until maturity. The rise in PIK usage – from 7% of private credit deals in Q4 2021 to 11% in Q4 2025¹ – suggests that, in many cases, capital structures are being extended rather than fundamentally addressed.

Crucially, not all PIK is created equal. “Good” PIK is deliberately incorporated into a deal from the outset. “Bad” PIK is introduced later as a reactive adjustment, typically through amendments to a loan agreement when a borrower faces cash flow constraints. To put it another way, "Bad" PIK was never supposed to be PIK. The share of private credit deals with "Bad” PIK rose from 2.5% in Q4 2021 to 6.4% in Q4 2025.¹

The rise in PIK usage – particularly “Bad” PIK, an estimated $29 billion market – suggests a significant increase in opportunities for opportunistic credit investors. With flexible investment mandates, restructuring expertise, and a tolerance for complexity, managers can provide structured capital better aligned with a company’s current performance, often securing enhanced economics, stronger protections, and greater control.

An approaching refinancing wave

Many businesses now operate and finance in a different environment than the one in which their debt was originally underwritten.

The 2021–2022 period saw a peak in private equity activity, marked by elevated purchase price multiples and increased leverage. A substantial volume of debt issued during this period is now approaching maturity, with most scheduled to come due between 2027 and 2029. Given the leverage profile of many of these loans, it is unlikely that much of this debt will be easily refinanced with traditional direct lending solutions.

The chart below shows the volume of outstanding private credit loans coming due over the next three years. This is creating a growing pipeline of complex refinancing needs, including amend-and-extend transactions, incremental capital infusions, liability management exercises, and structured recapitalizations. These scenarios often fall outside the scope of traditional lending but are well suited to opportunistic credit strategies that can underwrite downside risk and provide creative, tailored capital.

Private equity portfolio pressures and extended hold periods

Valuation pressure on privately held companies has slowed exit activity and extended hold periods for private equity-backed companies. Assets held by private equity sponsors at higher valuations are, in many cases, not yet able to exit at those levels, resulting in delayed realizations. 

The sector-wide gap from 2021 to 2025 is shown in the chart below. Over that time, the average hold length for private equity-backed investments increased from 5.3 to 6.4 years.²  While extending hold periods can be a rational response, it creates an ongoing need for capital to fund growth initiatives, acquisitions, and operational improvements.

Sponsors must balance supporting portfolio companies with managing fund-level liquidity and return objectives. This dynamic creates a natural role for opportunistic credit, which can provide structured capital solutions that extend runways, support value creation, and help companies reach a more favorable exit environment, while offering investors downside protection and selective upside participation.

Persistent need for complex, solutions-oriented capital

Beyond cyclical factors, a more durable driver of opportunity is the ongoing need for capital providers capable of addressing complex, nonstandard situations. Many of the most compelling investments arise not from distress, but from companies at inflection points – where capital requirements don't fit neatly into traditional debt or equity frameworks.

These situations may involve complex capital structures, competing stakeholder interests, covenant constraints, or strategic transitions such as acquisitions, carve-outs, or repositioning initiatives. Addressing these challenges requires investors who can underwrite both credit risk and enterprise value and structure solutions that balance protection, flexibility, and alignment.

Opportunistic credit strategies are well suited to this role. By combining elements of debt and equity—through preferred instruments, convertible structures, or bespoke tranches – investors can tailor capital to the specific needs of each situation. The focus isn't only on providing capital but on structuring it to support long-term value while maintaining strong contractual safeguards.

Opportunistic credit opportunities sustained beyond today’s cycle

The current environment underscores the relevance of opportunistic credit but doesn't define it. Although market conditions have broadened the opportunity set, the underlying drivers – complexity, capital constraints, and the need for flexible solutions – are structural and enduring.

For investors, this translates into a broad and evolving pipeline of opportunities, spanning balance sheet optimization, growth financing, and strategic repositioning. The ability to navigate these situations selectively and to structure capital accordingly remains central to outcomes.

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