• Inflationary pressures are expected to weigh on farmers’ financial profitability, but commodity prices remain at historically high levels.
• Farmland can demonstrate stable and resilient return performance through periods of differing economic cycles.
• The changing interest-rate environments and pronounced market volatility of past decades have encouraged investor interest in low-risk, income-generating asset classes.

Wading through a new era: pent-up inflationary pressures as monetary policies tighten

The global economy and financial markets have experienced significant volatility over the past few months, with inflationary pressures heightened and monetary policies beginning to tighten. During January and February 2022, U.S. consumer price-level increases accelerated to their highest level in 40 years, posting 7.5% and 7.9% in year-over-year changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for two consecutive months. Core CPI readings, after excluding volatile cost components such as food and energy, also increased at an annual rate of 6.4% in February 2022. The current heated state of the economy has pushed the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) to end the near-zero interest-rate environment by raising interest rates for the first time since 2018. Fueled by additional risk factors such as regional geopolitical conflicts, higher inflation and more interest-rate hikes are expected. 

In these uncertain times, we should take a historical perspective of the relationship between farmland returns, inflation, and interest rates in order to look forward.

Farmland investments generating real and healthy returns: a historical review

Farmland as an asset class has attracted investors’ attention for the last three decades. The National Council of Real Estate Investment Fiduciaries (NCREIF) Farmland Index (NFI) was first synthesized to measure the investment performance of privately owned and managed farmland properties in the United States and is widely considered an appropriate proxy for U.S. farmland investment returns. Since the NFI’s inception in 1991, U.S. farmland has generated an average annual return of 10.7%, on par with the average performance of the U.S. and international stock markets, represented by the average annual returns of the S&P 500 Index at 12.6% and the MSCI World Index at 8.0% during the same period.¹ Farmland also exhibited consistent performance during differing periods in the past three decades, delivering 8.4% per year during the pre-dot-com years (1991–1999), 14.4% per year leading into the Great Financial Crisis (GFC) (2000–2008), and 9.8% per year during the protracted recovery period post-GFC (2009–2021). Compared against the average inflation rate of 2.4% per year in the past 30 years, farmland’s average performance provided investors with healthy real returns.

Investors look for an additional return over inflation in asset classes to protect their investment returns from inflationary pressure, and farmland has historically been regarded as a suitable inflation hedge. Farmland returns have generally moved in the same direction as inflation rates, represented by a mild 0.06 historical correlation between NFI returns and CPI inflation rates from 1991 through 2021. 

The sub-periodic correlation between farmland and inflation sheds light on the relationship between farmland returns and inflation rates. During the first two periods (1991–1999 and 2000–2008), farmland returns correlated positively with inflation, with correlation coefficients at 0.20 and 0.28, respectively. During these two periods, farmland was generating healthy returns while the economy was expanding at a robust pace, with CPI inflation above 2.5% per year. Turning to the post-GFC period (2009–2021), this correlation turned negative, dampening the overall correlation pattern during the entire NFI period. 

The dynamic correlation patterns between farmland returns and inflation rates

The correlation between farmland and inflation presents a dynamic pattern throughout history, demonstrated by rolling correlation analysis. While the correlation was mostly positive on a rolling basis, during some yearly periods, it broke pattern and turned negative (e.g., during the post-GFC period).

The overall negative correlation of 2009 through 2021 and the negative rolling correlation of two instances in this period could be attributed to the different directions taken by farmland returns and inflation rates. The economic recovery post-GFC was considered lackluster, with 7 of the past 13 years posting inflation below the desired 2% target. Meanwhile, farmland gained significantly during the same period, especially from 2011 to 2015, when the NFI posted double-digit percentage returns for 5 consecutive years. The difference between the robust performance of farmland against the flattened economic expansion contributed to the negative correlation in the period and lowered the overall positive correlation from 1991 to 2021. Therefore, from the investor’s perspective, a negative correlation may represent an asset class’s ability to outperform otherwise lukewarm growth in the broader economy when the inflation rate is below target.

Comparing previous high inflation with the current environment

Comparing the previous period of high inflation with the current one, we can study the similarities, or differences, in inflation causes and examine their potential impact on asset returns. The previous period of high inflation was from 1979 to 1981, when CPI annual changes averaged 11.7%. Attributes that contributed to rising inflation rates during that period and those contributing to current inflation are different: Today, the leading inflationary components by far are gas prices and used vehicles and utilities, driven by rising energy prices and supply chain disruptions, which exert outsize pulling effects on the inflation rate. In contrast, inflationary changes were spread more broadly between a wide variety of components during the previous inflation period, spanning energy sectors, commodities, and food items. 

Rising inflation and its potential impact

Rising inflationary pressures are expected to weigh on farmers’ financial profitability in the coming year. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s forecast costs of production for corn and soybeans for the crop year 2022 show higher expenses in fuel and energy inputs (7.4%), chemical inputs (6.3%), and fertilizer costs (9.5%). Of the total costs of production, these three expense categories combined to account for 59% of corn production costs and 47% of soybean production costs in 2020. Adding to the uncertainty, fertilizer costs are expected to climb higher due to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the fact that Russia is a major fertilizer exporter. On the flip side, while forecast costs are at all-time highs, commodity prices also remain at historically high levels: Cushioning rising costs, high commodity prices, and increased acreage are expected to absorb some of the negative impacts, leaving operators with relatively healthy margins.

Evolving over the years: the interaction between interest rates and farmland returns

Interest rates are expected to see several hikes in the United States in 2022 and 2023, until the federal funds rate reaches 2% by the end of 2023. The relationship between interest rates and farmland returns is intricate and evolves over time, and there doesn’t seem to be a linear relationship between the two when examining the average rates by period: When interest rates lowered from an average of 5.1% in the 1991 to 1999 period to 3.3% in the period from 2000 to 2008, farmland returns in the NFI grew 6% higher on annual basis, from 8.4% per year to 14.4%, respectively. However, transitioning into the post-GFC period (2009–2021), both interest rates and farmland returns declined on an annual average basis. 

Dissecting return data into periods as previously defined, these correlation patterns also affirm the inconsistent correlation between farmland returns and interest rates. While the overall correlation between 1991 and 2021 period showed mildly negative at –0.05, it was augmented by the significantly negative correlation seen during the post-GFC period at –0.50. Effective fund rates compressed to near zero during the post-GFC period as the Fed stayed committed to extremely accommodative monetary policies while farmland soared on strong demand for farm goods and farmland. The lack of a consistent farmland return response to interest-rate swings demonstrates farmland’s stable and resilient return performance through periods of differing economic cycles.

Increasing interest rates can often be associated with lower asset values; nevertheless, other factors also contribute to changes in asset valuations, especially for farmland values. Comparing average interest-rate levels and NFI appreciations, measured by five-year rolling average values, the pattern shows interesting deviations from its theoretical negative associations: On the one hand, there were periods during which interest rates and farmland appreciation rates trended with an inverse relationship, as seen in the 2011 to 2019 period. On the other hand, there were periods during which interest rates and appreciation rates trended together. During the 2004 to 2010 period, for example, five-year rolling average interest and appreciation rates moved in similar directions. These observations, which depart from orthodox theory, suggest that there are other factors in determining land appreciation. 

The farmland market works on fundamental economic concepts of supply and demand: When interest in farmland as an asset class increases, the value of farmland assets tends to elevate. A comparison between five-year rolling average interest rates and NFI property counts reaffirms increasing investor interest in farmland. While average interest rates have decreased from a range of 4% to 5% in the 1990s until bottoming out shortly after the GFC, the number of properties within the NFI has increased more than sixfold since inception, from 197 at the end of 1991 to 1,260 in Q4 2021. The changing interest-rate environments and pronounced market volatility of the past three decades have helped encourage investors to seek out low-risk, income-generating asset classes. 

The new era of elevated inflation and a changing monetary environment: farmland’s promising outlook despite near-term challenges

The near-term impact of inflation and regional geopolitical risks is expected to affect farm production and profitability. Increasing costs for key agricultural production inputs, such as fertilizers, fuel, and energy, are expected to weigh on agricultural financial bottom lines, which can be partially offset by high crop prices and improving supply chain situations. Overall, while inflationary pressure has built up, farmland has historically provided investors with protection from inflation. Farmland can provide investors with real returns over inflation rates, represented by the positive correlation with CPI seen during the 1991 to 2008 period. In addition, low inflation rate periods, such as the post-GFC period when farmland returns correlated negatively with inflation, saw farmland continue to deliver healthy returns for investors. Farmland is also expected to maintain its positive momentum despite the federal funds rate being predicted to reach 2% by the end of 2023. Historical performance has shown that interest-rate environments alone have not single-handedly determined farmland returns and that interest in the asset class has been upbeat under various interest-rate levels.²

Going forward, farmland continues to represent an attractive asset class. Investors’ increasing emphasis on nonfinancial goals, such as the environmental and social aspects of their investments, creates a new tier for farmland demand: As agricultural production integrates with technological innovations, agriculture can play a key role as a natural climate solution, providing additional opportunities for farmland investors and injecting new enthusiasm for farmland in the new era.

1 Macrobond, as of March 1, 2022. 2 Past performance does not guarantee future results. 

A version of this article was originally published in Global AgInvesting.